Referred Somatic Hyperalgesia Mediates Cardiac Regulation by the Activation of Sympathetic Nerves in a Rat Model of Myocardial Ischemia / 神经科学通报·英文版

Myocardial ischemia (MI) causes somatic referred pain and sympathetic hyperactivity, and the role of sensory inputs from referred areas in cardiac function and sympathetic hyperactivity remain unclear. Here, in a rat model, we showed that MI not only led to referred mechanical hypersensitivity on the forelimbs and upper back, but also elicited sympathetic sprouting in the skin of the referred area and C8-T6 dorsal root ganglia, and increased cardiac sympathetic tone, indicating sympathetic-sensory coupling. Moreover, intensifying referred hyperalgesic inputs with noxious mechanical, thermal, and electro-stimulation (ES) of the forearm augmented sympathetic hyperactivity and regulated cardiac function, whereas deafferentation of the left brachial plexus diminished sympathoexcitation. Intradermal injection of the α2 adrenoceptor (α2AR) antagonist yohimbine and agonist dexmedetomidine in the forearm attenuated the cardiac adjustment by ES. Overall, these findings suggest that sensory inputs from the referred pain area contribute to cardiac functional adjustment via peripheral α2AR-mediated sympathetic-sensory coupling.

Calcificación miocárdica de etiología multifactorial / Myocardial calcification with multifactorial etiology

En el presente trabajo se describe un caso de muerte súbita en una mujer de 70 años que fallece 20 días después de ser dada de alta tras ingreso por infección urinaria secundaria a litiasis renal complicada con shock séptico e insuficiencia renal y respiratoria. En el corazón se identificó una cardiopatía isquémica crónica y extensas áreas de miocardio calcificado. Además, se exponen los tipos de calcificaciones del miocardio existentes y sus causas; y se analizan aquellos factores que en el caso presentado han podido causar la calcificación del miocardio(AU)

In the present report, we describe a case of sudden death in a 70-year-old woman who died 20 days after been discharged after admission for urinary infection secondary to renal lithiasis complicated with septic shock and renal and respiratory failure. It has been identified chronic ischemic heart disease and extensive areas of calcified myocardium. Also, we review myocardial calfications subtypes and its causes, and we analyze the specifics of the presented case(AU)

Muerte súbita cardíaca por fibrilación ventricular asociada a isquemia miocárdica, tratada por desfibrilador automático implantable / Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation associated with myocardial ischemia, treated by implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Resumen: Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 67 años, con múltiples factores de riesgo cardiovascular, quien en el año 2015 presentó muerte súbita por fibrilación ventricular sin lesiones coronarias significativas, tras lo cual se implantó un desfibrilador automático. En el año 2019 presentó un nuevo episodio de fibrilación ventricular en relación con síndrome coronario agudo con supradesnivel del ST localizado en pared anterior, registrado y adecuadamente resuelto por el dispositivo. Se demostró una oclusión aterotrombótica en la porción proximal de la arteria descendente anterior. Fue precoz y exitosamente manejado con angioplastía coronaria percutánea e implante de stent fármaco activo, guiado por tomografía por coherencia óptica intracoronaria. A las 48 horas post angioplastía, presentó episodio de taquicardia ventricular polimorfa reconocido y tratado por el cardiodesfibrilador, sin consecuencias. Electivamente se efectuó angioplastía e implante de stent metálico en arteria coronaria derecha distal, con buen resultado angiográfico. La posterior evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria, sin manifestaciones de insuficiencia cardíaca, angina ni arritmias.

Abstract: A 67-year-old man, with multiple cardiovascular risk factors who in 2015 presented sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation without significant coronary lesions, after which an implantable automatic defibrillator (ICD) was implanted. In 2019, he presented a new episode of ventricular fibrillation adequately resolved by the device, in relation to an acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation in the anterior wall of the left ventricle, due to atherothrombotic occlusion in the proximal portion of the anterior descending artery. He was early and successfully managed with percutaneous coronary angioplasty by the insertion of a drug eluting stent, implanted guided by intracoronary optical coherence tomography. Forty eight hours later, he presented an episode polymorphic ventricular tachycardia recognized and treated by the ICD. Angioplasty with a bare metal stent implantation were performed in the distal right coronary artery, with good angiographic results. The subsequent course was satisfactory, with no manifestations of heart failure, angina or arrhythmias.

Predictores de mal pronóstico en pacientes con la COVID-19 / Predictors of poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19

Introducción: La COVID-19 se ha caracterizado por un amplio espectro de manifestaciones y formas clínicas que comprenden desde enfermedad ligera hasta la muerte. Es de suma importancia identificar a aquellos con mayores probabilidades de desarrollar las complicaciones. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones en los pacientes atendidos con la COVID-19. Métodos: Fueron revisadas las 250 historias clínicas de pacientes ingresados por la COVID-19. Se recopilaron edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos personales, exámenes de laboratorio y la presencia o no de complicaciones. Se utilizó ji cuadrado para identificar relación entre las complicaciones y el sexo. Fue calculado el Odds Ratio (OR) para complicaciones por grupos de edad, antecedentes patológicos personales y parámetros humorales. Resultados: El distrés respiratorio fue más frecuente en hombres (p = 0,023). Los grupos de edad más afectados fueron de 60 a 79 años y de 80 años y más (OR = 4,85 y 30,53 respectivamente). Fueron factores de riesgo los antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, cardiopatía isquémica, diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia renal crónica y demencia (OR = 4,48; 4,22; 8,75; 17,98 y 10,39 respectivamente). Predispusieron a complicaciones, hematocrito y linfocitos bajo, así como neutrófilos, glucemia, creatinina, ASAT, GGT y LDH altos. Conclusiones: El mayor riesgo de complicaciones lo tuvieron pacientes mayores de 60 años, con enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia renal y demencia. La presencia de hematocrito y linfocitos bajo, o neutrófilos, glucemia, creatinina, ASAT, GGT y LDH altos, alerta sobre posibles complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 has been characterized by a wide spectrum of manifestations and clinical forms that range from mild illness to death. Identifying those most likely to develop complications is critical. Objective: To identify risk factors for developing complications in patients treated with COVID-19. Methods: 250 medical records of patients admitted for COVID-19 were reviewed. Age, sex, personal pathological history, laboratory tests and the presence or absence of complications were collected. Chi-square was used to identify the relationship between complications and sex. The Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated for complications by age groups, personal pathological history, and humoral parameters. Results: Respiratory distress was more frequent in men (p=0.023). The most affected age groups were 60 to 79 years and 80 years and over (OR=4.85 and 30.53 respectively). Risk factors were the history of arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney insufficiency and dementia (OR=4.48, 4.22, 8.75, 17.98 and 10.39 respectively). Low hematocrit and lymphocytes were predisposed to complications, as well as high neutrophils, glycaemia, creatinine, ASAT, GGT and LDH. Conclusions: The highest risk of complications was in patients older than 60 years, with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, kidney insufficiency and dementia. The presence of low hematocrit and lymphocytes, or high neutrophils, glycaemia, creatinine, ASAT, GGT and LDH, alerts you to possible complications(AU)

Tratamiento trombolitico en el síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del st / Treatment trombolitico in the sharp coronary syndrome with elevation of the st

RESUMEN Introducción: la cardiopatía isquémica es tan antigua como el hombre. Constituye uno de los problemas de salud más serios a nivel mundial. Entre sus formas clínicas está el infarto agudo de miocardio. Los síndromes isquémicos agudos, representan un espectro clínico continúo sustentado por una fisiopatología común. Objetivo: identificar los factores que causaron retraso en la aplicación del tratamiento trombolítico en los pacientes, los que se traducen en el futuro, en pérdida de calidad de vida, diferentes grados de discapacidad, y hasta del aumento de la mortalidad por esta entidad. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, con 62 pacientes con criterio de trombolisis atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico "José Ramón López Tabrane", en el período comprendido entre enero del 2012 y junio del 2014. Se aplicaron métodos empíricos, estadísticos y teóricos. Resultados: de 147 pacientes recibidos con criterios de trombolisis 62 no recibieron el tratamiento trombolítico que representó un 42,2 %. Entre las causas estuvieron falta de entrenamiento de los médicos para la aplicación de dicho tratamiento y la no existencia de transporte para su traslado en el tiempo requerido. Conclusiones: los pacientes no trombolizados con más de 12 h sin diagnóstico con criterio de infacto agudo del miocardo, incidió en el diagnóstico erróneo del médico y valencia de sus propios medios, para llegar a un centro de salud. Con contraindicación absoluta, el accidente vascular isquémico menor de tres meses fue la causante más padecida. Con contraindicación relativa fue la hipertensión arterial no controlada (AU).

SUMMARY Introduction: The Ischemic Cardiopatía is as old as the man. One constitutes from the most serious problems of health to world level and enter their clinical forms the sharp heart attack of miocardio is (IMA), causing in the world population a third of the deaths. The sharp ischemic syndromes SIAs represents a continuous clinical spectrum sustained by a fisiopatología común. Objective: He/she was carried out an observational, descriptive and traverse study, in 62 patients with trombolisis approach assisted in the UCIE of the Surgical Clinical Educational Hospital José Ramón López Tabrane, in the period understood between January of 2012 and June of the 2014.Se they applied the empiric, statistical and theoretical methods. Materials and method: identify the factors that caused delay in the application of the treatment trombolítico in this patients, which are translated in the future in loss of quality of life, different discapacidad grades and until of the increase of the mortality for this entity. Among the causes that were they were: the non training of the doctors for the application of this treatment and the not existence of transport for their transfer in the required time. Conclusion: In patient non trombolizados with more than twelve hours without diagnostic of IMA (19,4%) with approach impacted the doctor's erroneous diagnosis and valency of their own means to arrive to a center of health. With absolute contraindication, the Ischemic Vascular Accident smaller than three months was the causing one more suffered. With relative contraindication it was the arterial hypertension not controlled (AU).

Dispositivos de asistencia ventricular como tratamiento de destino. A propósito de un caso / Ventricular assist devices as destination treatment. About a case

Resumen El tratamiento de la falla cardiaca terminal avanzada ha sido el trasplante de corazón, sin embargo, hay limitantes en cuanto a las características del receptor y disponibilidad de donadores, por lo que se ha utilizado alternativamente el soporte ventricular como tratamiento de destino. Se describe a una paciente con falla cardiaca terminal por cardiomiopatía isquémica en quien se implantó exitosamente un sistema de soporte ventricular izquierdo y a ocho meses del procedimiento se encontraba en clase funcional I, sin complicaciones.

Abstract The treatment of refractory terminal heart failure has been heart transplantation. However, there are limitations with regard to clinical conditions of the recipient and availability of donors, and ventricular support has therefore been alternatively used as destination therapy. We describe the case is of a female patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy-associated heart failure who had a left ventricular assist device successfully implanted and at eight months of the procedure was at functional class I, with no complications.

Angina instável e infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST: tratamento e prognóstico / Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: treatmemt and prognosis

Objetivo: As doenças cardiovasculares são responsáveis pela principal causa de óbitos na população adulta mundial, sendo a síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) a mais prevalente entre elas. Resultados: Sabemos que hoje, do ponto de vista epidemiológico, a coronariopatia aguda sem supradesnivelamento de ST tornou-se a forma mais frequente de apresentação clínica da SCA, aproximadamente, em 62% dos casos. Nos últimos anos, houve importantes avanços em relação à terapêutica antiplaquetária e anticoagu-lante capazes de reduzir a mortalidade associada à doença coronariana. Além disso, a estratificação invasiva precoce teve papel fundamental nesse incremento de prognóstico. Conclusão:Dessa forma, atualmente, a escolha terapêutica e de estratificação devem ser avaliadas individual

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in the adult population worldwide, with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) being the most prevalent. We know that, presently, from an epidemiological point of view, non-ST elevation ACS is the most frequent form of clinical presentation of ACS, in about 62% of cases. Recently, important advances regarding antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy exist, capable of reducing mortality associated with coronary heart disease. Moreover, early invasive stratification has played a key role in the improvement in prognosis. Thus, the choice of therapy and stratification should be evaluated individually and can modify short- and long-term outcome

Correlation between Clinical and Educational Factors and Delayed Hospital Arrival in Myocardial Infarction

Acute myocardial infarction is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and one of the factors with the greatest prognostic impact is early specialist care, but there are still many factors that delay patient's arrival at the hospital. Objective: To correlate social, educational, cognitive and clinical factors with time to hospital arrival after the onset of acute myocardial infarction's first symptoms. Methods: Time interval to search for medical care was measured by patient's report of the onset of infarction's first symptoms and hospital admission verified through electronic medical data of the emergency service. The correlation between delta-T and other variables was performed through Kendall's correlation. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There was no correlation between delta-T and scholarity, or between delta - T and Mini Mental State Examination performance, as well as no association between the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, family history, sedentary lifestyle or smoking with arrival time at the hospital. Comparisons between delta-T and marital status were also not statistically significant. Transfer from another health service and city of origin were the most determinant delay factors in our population's arrival at the hospital. Conclusion: The present study suggests that, in our population, educational, social and cognitive factors are not directly related to the delay in arriving at the hospital

Correlação entre fatores clínicos e educacionais e atraso na chegada ao hospital no infarto agudo do miocárdio / Corelation between clinical and educational factors and delayed hospital arrival in myocardial infarction

Background: Acute myocardial infarction is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and one of the factors with the greatest prognostic impact is early specialist care, but there are still many factors that delay patient's arrival at the hospital. Objective: To correlate social, educational, cognitive and clinical factors with time to hospital arrival after the onset of acute myocardial infarction's first symptoms. Methods: Time interval to search for medical care was measured by patient's report of the onset of infarction's first symptoms and hospital admission verified through electronic medical data of the emergency service. The correlation between delta-T and other variables was performed through Kendall's correlation. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There was no correlation between delta-T and scholarity, or between delta - T and Mini Mental State Examination performance, as well as no association between the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, family history, sedentary lifestyle or smoking with arrival time at the hospital. Comparisons between delta-T and marital status were also not statistically significant. Transfer from another health service and city of origin were the most determinant delay factors in our population's arrival at the hospital. Conclusion: The present study suggests that, in our population, educational, social and cognitive factors are not directly related to the delay in arriving at the hospital

Fundamentos: O infarto agudo do miocárdio se configura como uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade no mundo, e um dos fatores de maior impacto prognóstico é o atendimento especializado precoce, porém ainda existem inúmeros fatores que retardam a chegada do paciente até o hospital. Objetivo: Correlacionar fatores sociais, educacionais, cognitivos e clínicos com o tempo para a chegada no hospital após os primeiros sintomas de infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: O tempo para a busca de atendimento médico foi mensurado entre o início dos primeiros sintomas de infarto relatado pelo paciente e o registro da admissão hospitalar em prontuário eletrônico do serviço de emergência. A correlação entre o delta T e outras variáveis foi verificada por meio da correlação de Kendall. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Não houve correlação entre delta T e escolaridade, e nem entre delta T e desempenho no Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, assim como não houve associação entre a presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, sedentarismo, história familiar ou tabagismo com o tempo de chegada no hospital. Comparações entre delta T e estado civil também não foram estatisticamente significativas. A transferência de outro serviço de saúde e a região de procedência foram os fatores que mais determinaram atraso no atendimento especializado de nossa população. Conclusão: Fatores educacionais, sociais e cognitivos não estiveram diretamente relacionados ao atraso na chegada ao hospital

Avaliação de pacientes portadores de cirrose candidatos a transplante hepático pela ressonância magnética cardíaca / Cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation of patients with cirrhosis eligible to liver transplantation

Fundamento: O transplante hepático (TH) é cirurgia de grande porte indicada para tratamento de portadores de cirrose avançada e está associado a diversos riscos. Por esta razão, faz-se necessário estratificar o risco no período pré- transplante através da avaliação da função miocárdica e pesquisa de doença coronariana. Objetivo: Demonstrar a aplicabilidade da ressonância miocárdica cardíaca (RMC) na avaliação morfofuncional cardíaca, bem como seu uso na avaliação da isquemia miocárdica no pré-transplante. Método: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo e descritivo, sendo avaliados dados de pacientes cirróticos encaminhados ao ambulatório de TH no período de Janeiro/2014 a Julho/2016 que se submeteram a RMC para avaliação cardíaca e como teste provocativo de isquemia miocárdica. Resultados: Foram encaminhados 135 pacientes; destes, 39 realizaram RMC. A idade média foi de 60 anos (50 a 71). Cerca de 87% (n = 34) eram do sexo masculino. Prevaleceu etiologia etanólica 56% (n = 22). A maioria era de pacientes CHILD C, MELD ≥ 18, (n = 26). A RMC evidenciou isquemia miocárdica em 03 pacientes (7,6%). A cineangiocoronariografia foi realizada nestes pacientes e a presença de doença arterial coronariana grave (obstrução > 70%) foi confirmada em todos, com consequente revascularização miocárdica. Em um seguimento de até 2 anos e 7 meses, a sobrevida dos transplantados foi de 87%, sem intercorrências cardiológicas. Conclusões: A realização da RMC na avaliação de cirróticos no pré-transplante mostrou-se estratégia segura ao evidenciar a presença de alterações morfofuncionais da cardiomiopatia do cirrótico e a presença de isquemia miocárdica. Entretanto, novos estudos devem ser realizados para padronização de métodos e critérios para avaliação cardiovascular em cirróticos

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is a huge surgery performed to treat patients with advanced liver cirrhosis and is associated with several risks. For this reason, is necessary to stratify the risk in the pre-transplantation period through the evaluation of myocardial function and ischemia Objective: To demonstrate the applicability of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in cardiac morphologic and functional evaluation, as well use in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia in pre-transplantation. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study. Data from patients with cirrhosis referred to the liver transplant outpatient clinic from January 2014 to July 2016 were analyzed they underwent CMR for cardiac evaluation and as provocative test of myocardial ischemia. Results: 135 patients were referred of these, 39 performed CMR. The mean age was 60 (50 to 71). About 87% (n = 34) were males. Alcoholic etiology prevailed 56% (n = 22). Most were of CHILD C patients with MELD ≥ 18, (n = 26). CMR showed myocardial ischemia in 03 patients (7,6%). Coronary angiography was performed and presence of severe coronary artery disease (obstruction > 70%) was confirmed, with consequent myocardial revascularization. At a follow-up of 2 years and 7 months, the survival of transplanted patients was 87%, without cardiologic complications. Conclusions: The realization of CMR in the evaluation of cirrhotic patients in the pre-transplantation proved to be a safe strategy by showing presence of morphologic and functional changes of the cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and the presence of myocardial ischemia. However, more studies should be performed to standardize methods and criteria for cardiovascular evaluation in cirrhotic patients before the liver transplantation

Seguimento de 12 Meses de Pacientes Submetidos à Estratégia Intervencionista Precoce pelo Acesso Radial ou Femoral com Dispositivo de Oclusão Vascular / 12-Month Clinical Follow-Up of Patients Undergoing Early Invasive Strategy by the Transradial or Transfemoral Approach with Vascular Closure Device

Fundamento: A técnica radial reduz a prevalência de complicações vasculares, sangramento grave e mortalidade quando cotejada à técnica femoral. Entretanto, esta ainda predomina como via de acesso preferencial para a efetivação de procedimentos coronários invasivos, requerendo a adoção de estratégias capazes de minimizar intercorrências. Objetivos: Comparar a sobrevida livre de eventos cardiovasculares adversos graves aos 12 meses de pacientes submetidos à estratégia intervencionista precoce pelo acesso radial ou femoral com dispositivo de oclusão vascular. Métodos: Estudo randomizado de não inferioridade envolvendo 240 pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnível do segmento ST. A função de sobrevivência livre de morte, infarto agudo do miocárdio ou acidente vascular encefálico foi estimada pelo modelo de Kaplan-Meier e comparada utilizando-se o teste de log rank. Resultados: A taxa de complicações vasculares no sítio de punção arterial aos 30 dias foi de 12,5% no grupo Angio-Seal e de 13,3% no grupo radial (p = 1,000). A incidência de sangramento grave ou transfusão sanguínea aos 12 meses também não diferiu entre os grupos (2,5% versus 1,7%, p = 1,000). Não se observou diferença quanto à curva de sobrevida livre de eventos cardiovasculares adversos graves (90,8% versus 94,2%, p = 0,328). Conclusões: Não houve distinção entre as técnicas na sobrevida livre de eventos cardiovasculares adversos graves aos 12 meses de seguimento. Ensaios clínicos com maior poder estatístico são necessários para a validação desses achados

Background: The radial approach reduces the prevalence of vascular complications, major bleeding and mortality when compared to the femoral approach. However, the last still prevails as the preferred approach for the performance of invasive coronary procedures, requiring the adoption of strategies to minimize complications. Objectives: To compare the survival free of major adverse cardiovascular events at 12 months in patients undergoing early intervention strategy by the radial or femoral access with vascular closure device. Methods: Randomized non inferiority trial involving 240 non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients. The survival free of death, myocardial infarction or stroke was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log rank test. Results: The 30-day rate of vascular complications in the arterial puncture site was 12.5% in the Angio-Seal group and 13.3% in the radial group (p = 1.000). The 12-month incidence of major bleeding or blood transfusion did not differ between groups (2.5% vs. 1.7%, p = 1.000). There was no difference in survival free of major adverse cardiovascular events (90.8% versus 94.2%, p = 0.328). Conclusions: There was no distinction between the techniques in survival free of major adverse cardiovascular events at 12 months of followup. Clinical trials with greater statistical power are needed to validate these findings

Abnormal diastolic function underlies the different beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between diastolic function and the different beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure due to different causes. METHODS: The 104 enrolled patients were divided into an ischemic cardiomyopathy group (n=27) and a non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group (n=77) according to the cause of heart failure. Before implantation, left ventricular diastolic function was evaluated in all patients using echocardiography. After six months of follow-up, the beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy were evaluated using a combination of clinical symptoms and echocardiography parameters. RESULTS: The ischemic cardiomyopathy group included significantly more patients with restrictive filling than the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group. The response rate after the implantation procedure was significantly higher in the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group than in the ischemic cardiomyopathy group. Degrees of improvement in echocardiography parameters were significantly greater in the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group than in the ischemic cardiomyopathy group. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a restrictive filling pattern was an independent factor that influenced responses to cardiac resynchronization therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study again confirmed that the etiology of heart failure affects the beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy and a lower degree of improvement in ventricular systolic function and remodelling was observed in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients than in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients. In addition, systolic heart failure patients with severe diastolic dysfunction had poor responses to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Ischemic cardiomyopathy patients exhibited more severe diastolic dysfunction than non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients, which may be a reason for the reduced beneficial effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Manejo y tratamiento dental quirúrgico de pacientes en terapia con antiagregantes plaquetarios: revisión de la literatura / Management and dental surgical treatment of patients under antiplatelet therapy: a review of the literature

El temor a desarrollar un sangrado excesivo lleva a los especialistas a suspender el tratamiento con antiagregantes plaquetarios -de rutina en pacientes con patología cardíaca isquémica, fibrilación atrial y stents coronarios, entre otros- antes de un procedimiento quirúrgico. La interrupción pone en riesgo la vida del paciente, pues estas terapias se utilizan para la prevención de accidentes trombóticos. Este trabajo se propuso realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los pacientes en terapia con antiagregantes plaquetarios sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos odontológicos. Labúsqueda se efectuó por medio del portal PubMed a partir de palabras clave como exodontia, aspirin, antiplatelet therapy y clopidogrel. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos que hacen referencia a la indicación y el manejo de la terapia con antiagregantes plaquetarios –en monoterapia o terapia dual– antes deuna cirugía dentoalveolar. El riesgo de sangrado intraoperatorio es ciertamente mayoren los pacientes en terapia con antiagregantes plaquetarios. Sin embargo, el sangrado posoperatorio no lo es, puespuede ser controlado satisfactoriamente con medidas locales. Además, la prevención del peligro de sangrado no compensael riesgo de tromboembolismo que implica la suspensión dela terapia.Los procedimientos quirúrgicos en pacientes con antiagregantes plaquetarios pueden llevarse a cabo de forma segura,sin alteración o modificación de la terapia, siempre y cuando se tomen las medidas pertinentes de hemostasia, y mientras sean realizados por un profesional con la experiencia necesaria. De todas formas, se aconseja consultar al médico especialista antes de interrumpir cualquier terapia.

The fear of developing an excessive bleeding leads thespecialists to discontinue the treatment with antiplatelet drugsbefore a surgical procedure increasing the risk of thromboembolicevents in patients. These therapies are used routinely forthe prevention of thrombotic events in patients with ischemicheart disease, atrial fibrillation and coronary stents, amongothers.The aim was to review the literature about the case ofpatients under antiplatelet therapy in need of surgical dentalprocedures. The following search terms were used in PubMed:exodontia, aspirin, antiplatelet therapy, clopidogrel. Articlesthat made a reference to the indication and management ofboth mono and dual antiplatelet therapy in patients who areundergoing dentoalveolar surgery were included.The risk of intraoperative bleeding is certainly greater forpatients on therapy with antiplatelet agents. However this isnot due to postoperative bleeding that can be satisfactorilycontrolled with local measures and this increased risk is notworth the risk of thromboembolism which the interruption ofthe therapy involves.Surgical procedures in patients receiving antiplateletagents can be safely carried out without alteration or modification of the therapy. It is important to implementappropriate hemostasis measures and the procedures haveto be conducted by a dentist with adequate experience inthis type of cases. Similarly, it is advisable to consult aphysician to decide if therapy discontinuation is appropriate.

Angiotomografia coronária no consultório: quando solicitar / Utility of coronary computed tomography angiography in outpatients

A angiotomografia coronária (CTA) é um método diagnóstico não-invasivo com elevada acurácia na detecção da doença arterial coronária (DAC). Pacientes com DAC não-obstrutiva ou obstrutiva identificadas pela CTA apresentam prognóstico progressivamente pior que os pacientes com CTA normal. A investigação de angina em pacientes de risco baixo e intermediário utilizando CTA como primeiro exame resultou em taxa de mortalidade similar à investigação com métodos funcionais. No entanto, estudos recentes mostraram que pacientes com investigação e tratamento baseados na CTA podem apresentar menor taxa de infarto miocárdico fatal e não-fatal quando comparados aos pacientes investigados e tratados conforme resultados de métodos diagnósticos que avaliam isquemia miocárdica. No contexto do paciente ambulatorial, diretrizes brasileiras e internacionais propõe a CTA como primeiro exame na investigação de DAC, no paciente com avaliação funcional prévia, na avaliação pré-operatória, na diferenciação entre cardiopatias isquêmicas e não isquêmicas e na avaliação de origem anômala de artéria coronária

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive diagnostic test with high accuracy in the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD). Non obstructive or obstructive CAD detected by CCTA portends increasingly worse prognosis than a normal CCTA. The evaluation of low- and moderate-risk patients with stable angina using CCTA as a first test resulted in similar rates of death when compared to functional tests. However, recent studies have shown that patients evaluated by and treated according to CCTA results may develop lower rates of fatal and non fatal myocardial infarction when compared to patients submitted to and treated according to functional tests. In the context of outpatients, Brazilian and international guidelines propose CCTA as the first diagnostic test in the evaluation of CAD, in patients with previous functional tests, in the preoperative diagnostic workup, in the differentiation between ischemic and non ischemic cardiomyopathy and in the evaluation of anomalous coronary artery origin

La cardiopatía isquémica en pacientes diabéticos y no diabéticos / Ischemic heart disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients

Introducción: La cardiopatía isquémica tiene como uno de sus factores de riesgo más importante a la Diabetes mellitus, la cual influye en el pronóstico, tratamiento, severidad, morbilidad y mortalidad de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la influencia de la Diabetes mellitus en la cardiopatía isquémica. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática. Resultados: La Diabetes mellitus es un factor de riesgo de alta relevancia de la cardiopatía isquémica. Las personas con diabetes corren el mismo riesgo de tener un infarto de miocardio que las personas sin diabetes que ya han tenido uno. Las mujeres diabéticas son más propensas a cardiopatías isquémicas. Existe una mayor frecuencia de Diabetes mellitus en los pacientes portadores de la cardiopatía isquémica con edades entre 45 y 80 años. Conclusiones: La diabetes impone mayor riesgo de padecer cardiopatía isquémica, la hace más precoz, le impone dificultades diagnósticas y mayor riesgo de complicaciones. La diabetes y la cardiopatía isquémica son enfermedades con incidencias y prevalencias que se incrementan con la edad(AU)

Introduction:Ischemic heart disease has Diabetes mellitus as one of its most important factors, because affects the prognosis, treatment, severity, morbidity and mortality of the first one. Objective: To characterize the influence of diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease. Material and Methods: A literature review on the subject was conducted. Results: Diabetes mellitus is confirmed as a highly relevant risk factor for ischemic heart disease. People with diabetes are at the same risk of having a myocardial infarction as people without diabetes who have already had one. Diabetic women are more likely to have ischemic heart disease. There is a higher frequency of Diabetes mellitus in patients with ischemic heart disease aged between 45 and 80 years. Conclusions:Diabetes imposes an increased risk of suffering of ischemic heart disease, makes it more precocious, and imposes diagnostic difficulties and greater risk of complications. Diabetes and ischemic heart disease are illnesses with incidence and prevalence that increase with age(AU)

Preditores de Placa Aterosclerótica em Assintomáticos Isquêmicos à Ecocardiografia sob Estresse Físico / Predictors of Atherosclerotic Plaque in Individuals with Asymptomatic Ischemia on Physical Stress Echocardiography

A isquemia miocárdica pode ocorrer em pacientes assintomáticos e sem história de doença arterial coronariana (DAC). A ecocardiografia sob estresse físico (EEF) é um método de boa acurácia diagnóstica, enquanto a cineangiocoronariografia (CATE) é o método padrão-ouro para detecção de DAC obstrutiva. Todavia, muitos portadores de isquemia em testes funcionais apresentam lesões não obstrutivas à CATE. Objetivo: Identificar a presença de preditores de placas ateroscleróticas obstrutivas à CATE em indivíduos assintomáticos com EEF positiva para isquemia miocárdica. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 278 pacientes assintomáticos submetidos à EEF e à CATE, divididos em grupo G1 (lesões ateroscleróticas obstrutivas ≥ 50%) e G2 (placas inferiores a 50% ou inexistentes). Variáveis quantitativas foram comparadas com os testes t de Student ou Mann-Whitney para grupos independentes, segundo a normalidade da amostra. Para variáveis categóricas, utilizou-se os testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, quando apropriado. Para identificação de preditores independentes de lesão aterosclerótica, foi utilizada regressão logística. Resultados: O número de pacientes nos grupos G1 e G2 foi de 233 (83,3%) e 45 (16,2%), respectivamente. A média de idade foi maior no G1 (60,9 ± 9,56 anos versus 51,8 ± 10,05 anos, respectivamente, p < 0,001). O G1 em comparação ao G2 apresentou mais pacientes hipertensos (65,2% versus 48,9%, p = 0,03) e dislipidêmicos (77,3% versus 57,8%, respectivamente, p = 0,006). O G2 em comparação ao G1 apresentou maior frequência de obesidade leve (33,3% versus 14,2%, respectivamente, p = 0,002), que demonstrou ser um fator protetor para lesão aterosclerótica. Conclusão: Os preditores de placa aterosclerótica em assintomáticos isquêmicos à EEF foram idade, gênero masculino e isquemia do tipo fixa.

Myocardial ischemia may occur in asymptomatic patients without a history of coronary artery disease (CAD). Stress echocardiography (SE) is a method with good diagnostic accuracy, while coronary cineangiography (CCA) is the gold standard method to detect obstructive CAD. However, many patients with ischemia on functional tests show nonobstructive lesions on CCA. Objective: To assess the presence of predictors of obstructive atherosclerotic plaques in asymptomatic individuals with an SE positive for myocardial ischemia. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 278 asymptomatic individuals who underwent SE and CCA, divided into groups G1 (obstructive atherosclerotic lesions ≥ 50%) and G2 (plaques below 50% or nonexistent). Quantitative variables were compared with Student's t test or Mann-Whitney test for independent groups, according to the normality of the sample. For categorical variables, we used the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of atherosclerotic lesions. Results: The numbers of patients in G1 and G2 were 233 (83.3%) and 45 (16.2%), respectively. The mean age was higher in G1 (60.9 ± 9.56 years versus 51.8 ± 10.05 years, p < 0.001). G1, when compared with G2, had more patients with hypertension (65.2% versus 48.9%, respectively, p = 0.03) and dyslipidemia (77.3% versus 57.8%, respectively, p = 0.006). G2, when compared with G1, had a higher frequency of mild obesity (33.3% versus 14.2%, respectively, p = 0.002), which emerged as a protective factor for atherosclerotic lesions. Conclusion: The predictors of atherosclerotic plaques in asymptomatic patients with ischemia on SE were age, male gender, and fixed ischemia.

Impacto de la hipertensión arterial esencial y la cardiopatía isquémica en víctimas de muerte cardíaca súbita / Impact of essential blood hypertension and ischemic heart diseases in sudden cardiac death victims

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación que existe entre la hipertensión arterial esencial y la cardiopatía isquémica en la muerte cardíaca súbita. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de tipo casos y controles no pareados. Se analizaron 600 casos de muertes naturales cardíacas diagnosticados en el hospital Julio Trigo López en el período 2007-2011. Del total, 200 fallecieron por causa cardíaca súbita y 400, por causa cardíaca no súbita; contaron con estudios anatomopatológicos. Resultados: Se demostró tanto en el análisis univariado como multivariado que la hipertensión arterial y la cardiopatía isquémica tienen una fuerza de asociación positiva como factor de riesgo para la muerte cardíaca súbita. Se comprobó que las lesiones ateroscleróticas se presentaron de forma significativa en los fallecidos por muerte cardíaca súbita con estos factores de riesgo, por lo que se estableció con ello una relación de causalidad evidente. Se definió que los estudios con base anatomopatológica cuentan con un margen de seguridad mayor al evaluar una entidad tan polémica como la muerte cardíaca súbita. Conclusiones: La hipertensión arterial y la cardiopatía isquémica constituyen factores de riesgo independientes para la muerte cardíaca súbita, ambos elementos tienen una relación marcada y directa con la presencia de lesiones ateroscleróticas en el árbol vascular coronario como evidencia del papel de la aterosclerosis en la etiopatogenia del fenómeno(AU)

Objective: To determine the relationship between essential blood hypertension and ischemic heart disease in sudden cardiac death. Methods: Non-paired case-control observational analytical study of 600 natural cardiac death cases which were diagnosed at Julio Trigo Lopez hospital in the period of 2007 to 2011. In this group, 200 died from sudden cardiac death and 400 from non-sudden cardiac death; anatomic and pathological studies were performed. Results: The univariate and multivariate analyses proved that blood hypertension and ischemic heart disease were positively associated as risk factors for sudden cardiac death. It was conformed that atherosclerotic lesions were significantly present in sudden cardiac death victims together with these risk factors, so an evident causality relationship was set. It was defined that anatomic.pathological studies exhibited higher level of reliability as to evaluation of a very controversial issue such as sudden cardiac death. Conclusions: Blood hypertension and ischemic heart disease are independent risk factors for sudden cardiac death; both elements have direct marked relation with the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary vascular tree as evidence of the role of atherosclerosis in the etiopathogeny of the disease(AU)